Family, obesogenic environment, and cardiometabolic risk in mexican school-age children / Familia, medio ambiente obesogénico, y riesgo cardiometabólico en niños en edad escolar en México

Introduction: Obesity in children is considered a risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders at an early age. Objective: To identify the relationship among environmental and family variables on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in school-age children, and to compare such CMRF by weight status. Material and methods: A cross-sectional design was used. A 228 children and their mothers were randomly selected from public and private elementary schools. Measurements in children included: body fat percentage (BFP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), acanthosis, lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), and self-care activities. Mothers were assessed for: BFP, sociodemographic, family history, mothering style. School environment variables were also evaluated. Results: Children and mother's mean ages were 8.5 and 36.8 years, respectively. Mother schooling mean was 12.4 years. Overweight or obese (Ow/OB) children (70.2%) showed higher values in SBP (p = 0. 040), low-density cholesterol (p = 0. 018), triglycerides (p = 0. 003), glucose (p = 0. 022) and CRP (p = 0. 001) and lower in high-density cholesterol (p = 0. 004). Age and child gender, mothering, and mother schooling influenced CMRF [Wilk's Lamda = 0.65, F = 21.71, p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Children with Ow/OB in a obesogenic environment are more likely to develop CMRF. It is necessary to promote the identification and treatment of CMRF at an early age as well as promote healthier family and school environments.

Introducción: La presencia de obesidad en niños se considera un factor de riesgo para enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares a temprana edad. Objetivo: Identificar la influencia del ambiente/familia en los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (FRCM) en escolares y compararlos con su condición de peso. Material y métodos: Diseño transversal explicativo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 228 pares madre-hijo seleccionados aleatoriamente de escuelas primarias públicas y privadas. Mediciones en Niños: porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), acantosis, lípidos, glucosa, proteína C reactiva (PCR) y autocuidado; Madres, PGC, datos sociodemográficos, historia familiar, crianza materna; y en escuelas: ambiente escolar. Resultados: Edad promedio: niños 8.5 años y madres 36.8 años. La escolaridad materna promedio fue 12.4 años. Los niños con sobrepeso u obesidad (SP/OB) (70.2%) mostraron valores más altos en la PAS (p = 0.040), colesterol baja densidad (p = 0.018), triglicéridos (p = 0.003), glucosa (p = 0.022) y PCR (p = 0.001) y más bajos en colesterol de alta densidad (p = 0.004). Tanto la edad y género del niño como la escolaridad y estilo de crianza materno influyeron en los FRCM [Lamda de Wilk = 0.65, F = 21.71, p < 0.001] Conclusiones: La presencia de SP/OB fue alta, y en conjunto con un ambiente familiar obesogénico favorecen la prevalencia de FRCM. Es necesario promover un diagnóstico y tratamiento de FRCM a temprana edad, así como favorecer ambientes familiares y escolares más saludables.

Porcentaje de grasa corporal en escolares y su asociación con el estilo de vida y macronutrientes / Body fat percentage in school students and its association with lifestyle and macronutrients

Introducción: Identificar la asociación entre los estilos de vida, el consumo de macronutrientes y el porcentaje de grasa corporal en escolares, y comparar por estado de peso. Materiales y Métodos: Corte transversal analítico en escolares de la ciudad de Durango a quienes se les midió antropometría, presión arterial, antecedentes familiares, estilos de vida y consumo de macronutrientes. El análisis de datos fue descriptivo, se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central de las variables cuantitativas que mostraron una distribución normal. Las variables cualitativas se describen con valores relativos. Se realzó análisis comparativo por estado de peso. Se respetaron aspectos éticos según la reglamentación vigente. Resultados: La edad promedio 9.1 años, índice de masa corporal promedio 17.8 kg/m2, porcentaje de grasa corporal promedio 20%. El 38.7% de los escolares presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. La presión sistólica y diastólica promedio fue 93/60mmHg. Niños con sobrepeso y obesidad más riesgo de cifras de presión sistólica y diastólica alteradas. Estilos de vida y consumo de macronutrientes mostraron promedio de 64.1 y 39.5 y no influyeron en el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Discusión y Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren incluir el uso de mediciones mas objetivas de los estilos de vida, y resaltan la importancia de abordar eficientemente la problemática del sobrepeso y obesidad y disminuir riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas a temprana edad.

Introduction: Identify the association between lifestyles, macronutrients intake, and body fat percentage from school age children, and compare by weight status. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional analytical in school children from Durango City. Anthropometry, blood pressure, family history, lifestyle, and macronutrient intake was measured. Data analysis included descriptive statistic, quantitative variables that showed a normal distribution were got measures of central tendency. The qualitative variables were described with relative values. Comparative analysis was done by weight status. Ethical issues were respected as required by regulations. Results: Fifty two percent were male, mean age was 9.1 years, mean body mass index 17.8 kg/m2, body fat percentage average 20, thirty-five and 42.4% of children were overweight or obese according to body mass index and body fat percentage respectively; the average of systolic and diastolic were 93/60mmHg. Children with overweight or obese have more risk of high systolic and diastolic blood pressure than children whit normal weight or below. The lifestyle and macronutrient intake showed average of 64.1 and 39.5, and did not influence on body fat percentage. Discussion and Conclusions: The results suggest to include the use more objective measurements of lifestyles, and highlight the importance of effectively addressing the problem of overweight and obesity and decrease risk of developing chronic diseases at an early age.

Macronutrientes, presión arterial y estado de peso en escolares de Durango, México / Macronutrients, blood pressure and weight status in school-age children in Durango, Mexico

Resumen:

Objetivo: determinar la influencia del consumo de macronutrientes (CM) en el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) y del PGC sobre la presión arterial (PA).

Metodología: análisis secundario, diseño descriptivo correlacional. Se emplearon un total de 127 expedientes de escolares de ambos sexos de 16 escuelas primarias públicas en la ciudad de Durango, México. El resto de los expedientes de la muestra del análisis primario fueron excluidos, al no contar con los datos necesarios el análisis. Dichos datos fueron analizados usando SPSS v 15.0. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, PA, PGC y frecuencia de consumo semanal de macronutrientes. Resultados: dentro de la población se encontró que existe mayor frecuencia de consumo de grasas (53%). El 2,9% presenta cifras para hipertensión arterial y 3,4% prehipertensión arterial. Existe sobrepeso y obesidad en el 11% y el 19%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: no se encontró influencia del consumo de macronutrientes y el PGC (p= 0,12). Se encontró influencia entre PGC y presión sistólica (25,3%) y diastólica (23,4%).

Abstract:

To assess macronutrients use (MU) influence on body fat rate (BFR) and BFR influence on blood pressure (BP). Methods: A secondary analysis using a correlational descriptive design was performed. Reports from 127 school-age boys and girls from 16 public primary schools in Durango, Mexico, were used. The remaining reports in primary analysis sample were excluded because of missing data. All analyses were performed with SPSS v 15.0 software. Socio-demographic variables, BP, BFR, and weekly intake of macronutrients were evaluated. Results: A higher frequency of fat intake was found among sampled population (53%). Hypertension was found in 2.9% and pre-hypertension in 3.4%. Overweight and obesity were present in 11% and 19% of participants, respectively. Conclusions: No influence from macronutrients use or BFR was found (p = .12). A relationship between BFR and systolic (p = .000) and diastolic blood pressure (p = .000) was observed.

Objetivo: determinar a influência do consumo de macronutrientes (CM) na porcentagem de gordura corporal (PGC) e deste sobre os valores da pressão arterial (PA).

Método: a análise secundária, projeto descritivo correlacional. Um total de 127 registros escolares de ambos os sexos de 16 escolas públicas da cidade de Durango, no México foram utilizados. O restante dos registros mostra a análise foram excluídos. Resultados: foram realizadas medições da CM, antropométricas e PA. Análise feita com SPSS 15.0 espanhol. Foi encontrada alta frequência do CM, de gordura (53%). Pré-hipertensão em 3.4% e 2.9% com hipertensão arterial. Quanto ao PGC, 11% sobrepeso e 19% apresentaram obesidade. Discussão: os macronutrientes não influenciam na PGC (p= 12), enquanto a PGC influencia nos valores de PA sistólica (28,3%) diastólica (23,4%).